Equity law is a branch of law that provides 2 main remedies—injunctions and specific performance—when money damages aren’t enough. It developed to correct unfair outcomes...
A writ of mandamus is a court order compelling a government agency, official, or lower court to perform a legally required, non‑discretionary duty. It’s an...
Beyond a reasonable doubt is the highest burden of proof in U.S. criminal trials, requiring near certainty of guilt before a conviction. It means jurors...
Clear and convincing evidence means the judge or jury must be firmly convinced a claim is highly probable, requiring more proof than “preponderance” but less...
Hearsay is an out-of-court statement offered to prove the truth of what it asserts. It’s generally inadmissible because the original speaker can’t be cross-examined, though...
Attorney-client privilege generally protects confidential communications between a lawyer and client made for legal advice (including the 5 common elements courts look for). It encourages...
The work product doctrine generally protects an attorney’s materials prepared in anticipation of litigation from discovery in civil cases. It shields legal strategy, mental impressions,...
A subpoena duces tecum is a court-issued order requiring a person or organization to produce specific documents, records, or other tangible evidence for a legal...
